The Incredible Prophetic

Errors of

Herbert W. Armstrong!

Most people in the Worldwide Church of God look upon Herbert

Armstrong as a unique man gifted with tremendous understanding

of Bible prophecy. But a careful, candid look at this man's actual

record on the interpretation of Bible prophecy boggles the mind!

Most people over the years became associated with the Church at

least to some degree because of its ostensible understanding of

prophecy. Here are the unvarnished facts. YOU decide!

William F. Dankenbring

In 1956-57, as a teenage boy, I became awestruck by the prophetic booklets written by Herbert W. Armstrong -- especially two called 1975 in Prophecy, and United States and the British Commonwealth in Prophecy. The first booklet has not been in print for many years, for obvious reasons -- it predicted the Second Coming of Jesus Christ in 1975! When it became increasingly doubtful that Christ would return by that date, the booklet was quietly withdrawn from circulation in the 1960's. But when I first read it in 1957, I assumed it was probably true. Herbert Armstrong seemed to have everything figured out!

When I began attending the local Church in Tacoma, Washington, in 1957-58, and read the co-worker letters and Church literature, Herbert Armstrong was preaching that the original apostolic Church had two "19 year time cycles" to spread the gospel -- from 31 A.D. to 50 A.D., and from 50 A.D. to 69 A.D., the year the Romans attacked Jerusalem. Herbert Armstrong was fond of drawing an amazing parallel: He pointed out that exactly "100 19-year time cycles later," in 1931 A.D., he was ordained to the ministry by the Church of God, Seventh Day. Because of doctrinal differences, he separated from them and began a separate, independent work of God in 1934 A.D. Then, he used to tell us, he preached to the United States for 19 years, but expanded the broadcast to Europe in 1953 -- exactly 19 years later. He theorized that the Church would have one more 19-year time cycle to complete its work -- by 1972 -- and then it would be carried to the wilderness to a place of protection during the Great Tribulation, from 1972-1975, culminating in the return of Jesus Christ!

All this seemed reasonable to my youthful, impressionable mind, in 1957-58. I entered an intensive study of Church literature, and found Mr. Armstrong to be correct in many basic doctrines taught nowhere else. So I began attending Ambassador College, founded by Herbert Armstrong, in Pasadena, California, in the fall of 1959. Four years later I graduated and began working full-time in the Letter Answering Department, and subsequently began writing articles for the Church publications.

Needless to say, it was a major disappointment for most of us in the Church when 1972 came around, and instead of the Church fleeing to the wilderness as so powerfully predicted by Herbert Armstrong for decades, nothing happened -- except the temporary disfellowshipment of Garner Ted Armstrong for supposed "spiritual problems," but which actually concerned sexual involvement with young women other than his wife.

Obviously, Jesus Christ did not return in 1975, as so confidently predicted for almost 20 years! Herbert Armstrong's prophetic insight was in error -- his prophetic timetable was shot to pieces! From that time onward, he did not attempt to pinpoint the exact year, or even the approximate time, of Jesus' second coming. But he did keep on believing that it would be "very soon," and preached that we were living in the "time of the end."

The Space Race

Also back in the early 1960's, Herbert Armstrong became very interested in the race for space -- especially after the Russians put their first "sputnik" satellite in orbit around the earth in 1957. He wrote articles, gave sermons, and wrote a booklet entitled "Who Will Rule Space?' In those years, Herbert Armstrong was very impressed with the fact that human beings could not survive in outer space without a self-contained "earth environment" -- a "space suit." To him, this indicated that man's proper habitat was the earth -- not outer space!

Herbert Armstrong sincerely believed that man would never 'conquer space.' In fact, he said several times, and even wrote, that if man attempted to "conquer space," that God would destroy him, even as He destroyed the tower of Babel when mankind attempted to build it to "reach heaven" (Gen.11:4). Even so, Herbert confidently predicted that God would thwart and frustrate man's attempt to rocket into space. He said that if man succeeded in going to the moon,, he would not return alive!

As the major proof text to support this theological idea, Herbert Armstrong turned to Psalm 115, where we read: "The heaven, even the heavens, are the Lord's; but the EARTH hath he given to the children of men" (Psa.115:16).

Of course, after the United States first successfully put men on the moon, in 1969, and several times during the 1970's, this prediction and teaching of Herbert W. Armstrong was again quietly shoved aside and dropped -- forgotten, except by those of us who personally heard his teachings in the late 50's and early 60's.

Herbert Armstrong was supposed to be renown for his knowledge and perception of Bible prophecy. And I believe that he probably did pick up much basic understanding of prophetic portions of the Bible during his studies -- such as the basic understanding of the book of Revelation, the world kingdoms of Daniel 2, and their correlation with the beasts of Revelation 13 and 17. 1 also believe that he stumbled across a major Biblical discovery when a woman challenged him whether he knew the locations of the "lost ten tribes" of Israel.

1975 In Prophecy!

In the booklet by the above title, Herbert Armstrong struck fear into readers by proclaiming a German-led European combine would "blast our cities and industrial centers with hydrogen bombs" (p.14), and added, "It's later than you think!" He declared that "these prophecies are as certain as tomorrow's sun," and went on to proclaim confidently, " MILLIONS of lukewarm inactive professing Christians will suffer martyrdom -- and that BEFORE the anticipated push-button leisure-year of 1975 dawns upon us!" (p.20, emphasis mine).

Herbert Armstrong was so confident of his accuracy that he asserted: "You have been warned! . . . You can take this lightly, let it slip from your mind . . . If you do, you have now read your fate -- and . . . I SAY TO YOU ON AUTHORITY OF GOD ALMIGHTY THAT IT IS ABSOLUTELY SURE!" (p.31).

Now, that is powerful "authority"! But did Herbert Armstrong REALLY have "authority of God Almighty" to make that prediction? Was he the powerful "prophet" of God that he seemed to THINK he was?

Notice what the Scriptures say about this question. In the book of Deuteronomy, God told Moses: "But if any prophet DARES to speak a message IN MY NAME when I did NOT COMMAND HIM TO DO SO, he must die for it and so must any prophet who speaks in the name of other gods" (Deut.l8:20).

This is serious business, with God! He THUNDERS rebuke against those who "presume" to speak a message "in His name," when He Himself has NOT given them the message! He says the penalty for such a thing is -- DEATH! If nothing else, it would at least appear that Herbert Armstrong got carried away with himself, in his predictions, and was very over-zealous in some of his pronouncements, claiming God's inspiration and authority for his interpretations!

Isn't that plain? but notice further! God Almighty Himself goes on, explaining further:

"You may wonder how you can tell when a prophet's message does NOT come from the Lord. If a prophet speaks IN THE NAME OF THE LORD and what be says does NOT COME TRUE, then it is NOT the Lord's message. That prophet has spoken on his OWN authority (NOT GOD'S!), and you are not to fear him" (Deut.18:21-22, Good News Bible).

If Herbert Armstrong truly feared God, then it seems to me that he would not have been so presumptuous and "positive" in his statements, when he was really only theorizing or speculating! He had no revelation from God, no "Thus saith the Lord," no dreams or visions from the Almighty. His predictions were based entirely on personal Bible Study, as well as his own speculation, based on various appearances. But when he went on to claim "AUTHORITY OF GOD ALMIGHTY" for his erroneous predictions, then he stepped way over the line -- and history has proved him to be in utter error! In being so dogmatic, he misinterpreted God's Word and sinned against God!

Now, it is not a "sin" to speculate, or to make predictions based upon available evidence. We all do that in various aspects of our lives. Stock brokers do it regarding the stock market Farmers take their "best shot" at predicting the weather, so they can know what crops to plant, and when to plant. Weather forecasters make predictions based on latest available evidence also -- and because of the vagaries and temperamental nature of the weather, they are often forced to 'eat their own words. "

The "game of prophecy" is likewise a chancy, scary, dangerous business. Many are the bones of false prophets who have incorrectly surmised when Christ would return -- only to be proven wrong. William Miller foretold the coming of Jesus Christ in 1844 -- and was wrong. The Jehovah Witnesses predicted the Second Coming in 1914. When Jesus failed to appear at the appointed hour, they revised their prophecy. Rather than admit they had been mistaken, they claimed that He did return -- "secretly," and was now ruling the world from His secret Headquarters, which was supposed to be New York City!

The Fall of Ancient Tyre

It seems that whenever Herbert Armstrong launched out on his own, and made predictions, he was invariably shown to be in abysmal error. But sometimes he simply "copied" the errors of other Churches, or organizations, or writers, but simply never gave them credit! That is to say, he "plagiarized" their writings and idea, and never gave them one line of credit, making any reader to think HE was the sole author of the material!

A case in point is one of the booklets which for many years was one of the staple booklets of the Worldwide Church of God. Titled Proof of the Bible, in early editions of this booklet Herbert W. Armstrong wrote that one way critics might attempt to "disprove" the Bible would be to REBUILD ANCIENT TYRE! He quoted

the Bible prophecies regarding ancient Tyre, claiming that Tyre was prophesied to NEVER BE REBUILT!

In the booklet, Herbert Armstrong boldly challenged skeptics, "Here is how you can DISPROVE the Bible and the very existence of God. If there is no God, and IF the Bible is not inspired! Just go over and build a small city on the site of New Tyre." Herbert said there is nothing to prevent skeptics from building a city on that site, "except that the Bible they scoff at says they CAN'T" (p.20).

Back in the 1950's I was impressed by these challenging statements, as I read them. But one day, as I was visiting a Church family in Portland, Oregon, in 1958, before I attended Ambassador College, I noticed a small booklet lying on the kitchen table. Curious, I picked it up and began reading it. I was rather shocked! As I read, it sounded like the words of Herbert Armstrong in his booklet on Proof of the Bible! Only this particular booklet was written and published by the Seventh Day Adventist Church! I was dumfounded! I asked the lady about the booklet and she assured me that she had received it from the Adventist Church. It was word-for-word identical, in most respects, to the booklet Herbert Armstrong published under his own name! Needless to say, Herbert Armstrong had obviously "borrowed" the material, and used it wholesale, without giving any credit to the original author! I thought at the time that this was not good, but I put the matter on the shelf, and decided that this one act did not of itself invalidate any of Mr. Armstrong's other teachings which I had proved from the Bible.

At that point, I didn't know quite what to think. But I assumed the booklet was true, regardless of who really wrote it. I really didn't question it much at the time. It discussed ancient Biblical predictions against Tyre and Babylon, claiming that since neither of these cities had been "rebuilt," as the booklet stated, and the Bible prophesied, that this proved the Bible had to be inspired by God.

In Ezekiel 26 and 27 God did foretell the fate of ancient Tyre. He said the city would be destroyed in an awesome paroxysm: "How art thou destroyed, that wast inhabited of seafaring men, the renowned city, which was strong in the sea" (Ezek.26:17). God said, "thou shalt be no more: though thou be sought for, yet shalt thou never be found again, saith the Lord" (Ezek.26:21).

As the prophecy said, God did bring Nebuchadnezzar, and later Alexander the Great, against Tyre, and destroyed the city. It did become "a place to spread nets upon" (Ezek.26:14), "like the top of a rock" (same verse). God said ancient Tyre would be "built no more" (v.14).

The Worldbook Encyclopedia points out that Alexander the Great conquered Tyre in 332 B.C., and built a road or causeway from the mainland to the island, creating a peninsula upon which the present town of Tyre now stands. Tyre became a part of the Roman, and then the Byzantine Empire. Christian crusaders occupied it from 1124 A.D. until Moslems captured it in 1291 A.D.

Says the Jamieson, Fausset, Brown Commentary, the prophecy that Tyre would become like a rock, and "be built no more" (Ezek.26:14), was "fulfilled as to the mainland Tyre under Nebuchadnezzar. The insular Tyre recovered partly after seventy years (Isa.23:17-18), but again suffered under Alexander, then under Antigonus, then under the Saracens, at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Now its harbors are all choked with sand, precluding all hope of future restoration: 'Not one entire house is left, and only a few fishermen take shelter in the vaults' (Maundrell). So accurately has God's Word come to pass."

Regarding the phrase, "thou shalt be no more," the Commentary points out, "not that presently there was to be no more a Tyre, but she was no more to be the Tyre that once she was; her glory and name were to be no more. As to Old Tyre the prophecy was literally fulfilled, not a vestige of it being left."

Adam Clarke in his Commentary quotes Maundrell, who visited the place before 1825 A.D., as follows: "It is a Babel of broken walls, pillars, vaults, etc., there being not so much as one entire house left! Its present inhabitants are only a few poor wretches, harboring themselves in the vaults, and subsisting chiefly on fishing; who seem to be preserved in this place by Divine Providence as a visible argument how God has fulfilled his word concerning Tyre, that it should be the top of a rock, a place for fishers to dry their nets on."

As to the prophecy "yet shalt thou never be found again," Clarke declares: "This is literally true; there is not the smallest vestige of the ancient Tyre, that which was erected on the main land. Even the ground seems to have been washed away; and the new Tyre is in nearly a similar state."

Clarke adds, "Notwithstanding the former destructions, Tyre was a place of some consequence in the time of St. Paul. There was a Church there (see Acts 20:3-4, etc.), which afterwards became famous. "

Herbert Armstrong would have done his cause much better service, and God greater service, if he had been much less naive and accepting of Adventist literature, copying their ideas and plagiarizing their material on "Tyre," if he had only done his own research, and used the Commentaries referred to above.

Attempting to use the example of Tyre to "challenge the skeptics" was a foolish device. Skeptics would argue that since there was a city called Tyre which still existed in that area in the time of the apostle Paul, and exists today, that this prophecy does not constitute "proof" of the divine inspiration of the Bible. Certainly not the way Herbert Armstrong claimed!

In 1973 Herbert Armstrong visited modem Tyre, and was forced to admit "there were quite a number of new high-rise buildings." Careless and uncritical exegesis in his research on Tyre caused the Worldwide Church of God a great deal of dismay and consternation, forcing them to withdraw the booklet from circulation in 1972.

Early Predictions that "Bombed"

Herbert Armstrong, like many evangelicals, had a general sense of Bible prophecy. Like them, he saw that the Bible predicts a union of 10 nations which will coalesce in the end time, and fight Christ at His return. This belief, of course, is not original to the Worldwide Church of God. Many evangelical, Sunday-observing Churches also believe it!

However, in his attempt to fit this fact into his own prophetic framework and timetable, Herbert Armstrong often went astray.

In the June-July 1934 issue of The Plain Truth, for example, he wrote:

". . . the year 1936 will see the end of the Times of the Gentiles . . . we may

expect the present worldwide depression, time of trouble and fear of war to

continue until the year 1936! . . . quickly after that time, we may expect to see

the heavenly signs of the sun and moon becoming dark, the stars falling . . .

which shall be followed by the 'Day of the Lord.'" (page 5).

But 1936 came and went -- and nothing earthshaking happened. Nothing like heavenly signs, stars falling, and the beginning of the "Day of the Lord"!

In the March 1938 Plain Truth, page 8, however, Herbert Armstrong was even more bold. He audaciously asserted:

"Mussolini and the pope will hatch up an idea . . . of setting up a world-

headquarters at Jerusalem -- and so Mussolini's armies will enter into

Palestine (Daniel 11:41), and eventually will capture just half of the city

of Jerusalem! (Zech.14:2)."

Notice how clearly and forcefully Herbert Armstrong spells out the exact sequence of future prophesied events! Unfortunately for his dogmatic and unequivocal assertiveness, he was totally wrong! Again, his prophecies failed to come to pass.

Mussolini's armies never got near Palestine -- much less to Jerusalem! And suffice it to say, he and the pope never got a chance to capture half of Jerusalem!

Herbert Armstrong continued to make these kinds of predictions. In the January 1939 Plain Truth, page 4, he dogmatically prophesied,

"MUSSOLINI WILL FIGHT CHRIST!"

Was he right in his prediction? Let history judge. As everyone knows, Mussolini, far from fighting Christ, was killed by partisans, and hanged, toward the end of War II. He was not the prophesied "beast" of Revelation that Herbert Armstrong thought he was!

Herbert Armstrong wrote in the August-September 1939 Plain Truth, page 6,

"Once world war is resumed, it must continue on through the Great Tabulation,

the heavenly signs, the plagues of the Day of the Lord, and to the Second Coming

of Christ, at the last battle, at Armageddon! . . . But this you may KNOW!

THIS WAR WILL BE ENDED BY CHRIST'S RETURN! . . . WE ARE JUST

THAT NEAR CHRIST'S COMING!" (Emphasis mine).

Notice again how dogmatic Herbert Armstrong was! Did GOD ALMIGHTY inspire him to predict those errors? Did God miscommunicate His intentions to His "servant"? Did God get His signals crossed? Or was it Herbert Armstrong who presumed to speak when God had not spoken?

Truly Amos the prophet was inspired of God to write, 'The Sovereign Lord NEVER DOES ANYTHING without revealing his plan to his servants, the prophets'' Amos 6:7). Obviously, therefore, Herbert Armstrong did NOT understand the prophetic plan of God, did not have God's plan REVEALED to him -- and therefore was not inspired of God when he made these self-proclaimed, dogmatic prophecies during the 1930s! In retrospect, his prophecies seem utterly foolish and uninspired.

During World War II, Herbert Armstrong continued making false prophecies and predictions based on his understanding of Scripture. In the August-September 1940 Plain Truth he boldly asseverated,

"The Italians will capture both Palestine and Egypt."

Less true words were never misspoken!

In the November-December 1940 issue (which, ironically, was one month before my birth), Herbert Armstrong continued his bold foray into Bible prophecy and its interpretation. He unerringly predicted,

"God has decreed that Joseph -- Great Britain and the United States -- are

to utterly consume and annihilate the Turks from off the earth!" (p.7).

Although the Turkish Empire was ended by the victory of the Allies during World War I, in 1917, the nation of Turkey continued to exist, and still exists, today! This "blazing prophecy" of the heralded "spokesman for God" also has failed to come to pass. In actual fact, there is NO prophecy of the Bible that predicts the "annihilation" of the Turkish people from :"off the earth," as Armstrong claimed.

At the beginning of World War II, when Britain was suffering its darkest hour, and Nazi invasion seemed imminent, it is interesting to note that Herbert Armstrong quickly got on the bandwagon of the pessimistic, and he joined in the chorus of nay-sayers and doom-predictors. With seemingly unshakable confidence and unflappable insistence, Herbert predicted:

"It is part of God's prophesied plan that Britain shall be invaded

and conquered" (Nov-Dec 1940, Plain Truth).

Herbert certainly did not foresee the glorious "battle of Britain," or the stout-hearted courage and tenacity of the British people, led by Winston Churchill! Rather, he thought the Nazis would overrun England and Scotland, and conquer all the British isles.

When Hitler then launched his blitzkrieg against the Soviet Union, Herbert Armstrong again was not found wanting for words, to interpret the invasion in the light of Bible prophecy. Seeing Hitler's troops initially cut through the Russians like a knife through hot butter, he proclaimed "God's truth" on the invasion. Apparently he had learned nothing from his dismal record of continuous mistakes. He tried his hand at prophecy once again. He asserted:

"Bible prophecy does indicate that HITLER MUST BE THE VICTOR IN

THE PRESENT RUSSIAN INVASION! . . . Hitler will emerge from the

Russian campaign stronger than ever, free to turn the entire might of his

forces against Britain -- and America" (Sept-Oct. 1941 Plain Truth, p.7).

As history shows, far from winning his Russian winter campaign, Hitler's armies were defeated by the Russian winter at Stalingrad. Germany lost over a million soldiers in the Russian invasion. The German army was mired in the snow, ice, and mud at Stalingrad, and was forced to retreat in bitter defeat.

Again, Herbert Armstrong was diametrically in error -- 180 degrees from the truth! But at least he was persistent -- and consistently wrong!

As late as 1943, Herbert Armstrong was still whipping a dead horse. He wrote in the March-April 1943 Plain Truth, page 6,

"But Hitler (or his successor if there is one), and the False Prophet

shall fight against Christ!"

Talk about "false prophets," Herbert Armstrong's batting average, during the late 1930's and early 1940's was on a scale of one to ten, hovering at absolute ZERO! He was wrong every time! Hitler did not "fight against Christ" His successor? There was none. Hitler died in a Berlin bunker, as the Russians invaded the city, thus ending the "Third Reich" in flaming ruins.

Why Was Herbert Armstrong So Wrong, So Often?

It seems incredible that any man could have been so wrong about Bible prophecy -- and yet so insistent on proclaiming his own ideas and interpretations. What possessed him to do it? Why was he so smug and overconfident? Why didn't he have more humility, and willingness to admit that he could be wrong?

For some reason, during the 1930s and 1940s, God had blinded the mind of Herbert Armstrong from rightly understanding Bible prophecy. He allowed him to make a "fool" of himself. Although Herbert's booming voice on radio may have sounded like the resonant tones of a Walter Winchell or Gabriel Heater, or a Lowell Thomas, his prophetic words turned to mush. Nothing came to pass that he so officiously and dogmatically foretold.

Why would God leave him so completely in the dark?

I believe that God did use Herbert Armstrong in the very early 1930s on through the 1960s and 1970s to reveal much Biblical truth concerning the Sabbath, Holy Days, Plan of God, and some aspects of Biblical prophecy. God did use him, in a strong manner, to lay the foundation for the End-time Work of God. But why did God allow Herbert Armstrong during the explosive 30s and 40s, and even into the 50s and 60s, to make such flagrant prophetic blunders?

Notice what the prophet Isaiah wrote:

"Surely the arm of the Lord is not too short to save, nor his ear too

dull to hear. But YOUR INIQUITIES have separated you from your

God; your SINS have hidden his face from you, so that he will not

hear" (Isaiah 59:1-2).

As author David Robinson explains in his book Herbert Armstrong's Tangled Web, during the latter part of the 1930's and early 1940's, Herbert Armstrong was carrying on with an illicit incestuous affair with his daughter Dorothy -- over a period of ten years! Robinson wrote:

"Incest is a terrible and unnatural crime, an extreme perversity. That is why

I was shocked beyond measure to hear that Herbert Armstrong was, himself,

guilty of this vile sin. I learned of this in the summer of 1979 from members

of his own family. The story, sordid beyond imagination, was told in awful

detail.

"One family source was Garner Ted Armstrong. Last summer, as HWA

attacked his own son in such savage fury, his son was in the depths of despair.

His emotional mix included anger and deep hurl In such a state he told family

secrets that otherwise would have been locked within him forever. He said

that he had learned in 1971 of his father's incredible conduct during the

'30s and '40s. The story came directly to him in lurid detail, but he kept it

sealed in his own consciousness for all those years. But in the spring of 1978

while in his father's house for the last time, his father had threatened to

'destroy him.' Ted, in response, replied, 'Dad, I will destroy you. I know

about you and ------ (He was speaking of the younger of his two sisters.

"His father had been on a high-handed autocratic binge. But at that

comment he sat down quietly and responded, 'Well, Ted, there have been

times when I have been very far away from God!" (Tangled Web, p.266,

emphasis his).

What does this tell us about Herbert Armstrong's relationship to the Almighty, the "revealer of secrets" (Dan.2:2-22), from the mid-1930s to the middle 1940s? God revealed "secrets" to Daniel because he was a righteous man (see Dan. 10: 12) -- but not to Herbert W. Armstrong! Why? The answer is now obvious. God will never reveal the future, or what He plans to do, to the WICKED. Sin cuts men off from God. Herbert Armstrong's prophetic embarrassments during the 1930s and '40s may well be directly due to his being "far off from God" at that time!

The archangel Gabriel told Daniel,

"Go your way, Daniel, because the words are closed up and SEALED until

the TIME OF THE END. Many will be purified, made spotless and refined,

but the wicked will continue to be wicked. None of the wicked shall understand,

but those who are WISE will understand" (Dan.12:9-10).

It was the gross sins of Herbert Armstrong during the '30s and '40s which cut him off from God, and which caused God to give him the spirit of error and misunderstanding of Bible end-time prophecies, at that time. He was so sure he was right -- yet he was dead wrong!

If you have not read it, be sure to write for the article, "HOW ARE THE MIGHTY FALLEN!" It will open your eyes in this respect. God surely would not reveal His prophetic secrets to a man living in sin, and committing continual, habitual incest, for years, with his own daughter! Even though Herbert Armstrong may have repented of this sin in later years, God severely punished him and allowed him to make a fool of himself prophetically, during the years this relationship continued.

The Track Record of the 1950s

It was in the late 1950s that I first came in contact with the Worldwide Church of God, then called the Radio Church of God. At that time the whole Church was focused on 1975 in prophecy, and predicting Christ's return that year.

In the October 1955 Plain Truth Herman L. Hoeh, a man for whom I directly worked as a member of the Plain Truth staff from 1972-1974, wrote that

"God Almighty has spoken through His servants the prophets that He

will punish our people for their sins . . . we will be totally consumed

and carried away captive to other nations as slaves WITHIN TWENTY

YEARS" (p.16).