Incredible, Shocking
New Truth!--
How Long Was Jesus
Really in the Grave?
Was Jesus Christ
crucified on Good Friday and resurrected early
Sunday morning, as
tradition teaches? Was He crucified on
a
Wednesday and
resurrected exactly 3 days and 3 nights later –
toward the end of the
weekly Sabbath, as others have claimed?
How long was Christ in
the grave? What does the Bible mean by “three days and three nights”? New evidence from astronomy
sheds much new light on
this controversy over the death and resurrection
of Jesus Christ! On what day of the week
was the
Messiah really crucified? And in what year? It’s time we took a
NEW look at this pivotal
subject, and answered the objections
of the critics once and
for all!
William F. Dankenbring
One
of the major arguments among Christians, today, is over how much time Jesus
Christ actually spent in the grave. In
the book of Matthew, we read the very words of Jesus Christ concerning His death
and resurrection. He declared in plain
and unequivocal words:
"Then certain of the scribes and
Pharisees answered, saying, Master, we would
see
a sign from thee. But he answered and
said unto them, An evil and adulterous
generation
seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign
of
Jonah: For as Jonah was THREE DAYS
AND THREE NIGHTS in the whale’s
belly;
so shall the Son of man be THREE DAYS AND THREE NIGHTS in the
heart
of the earth" (Matthew
This seems like plain language, in
English. How long is “three days and
three nights”?
Tradition maintains that Jesus was
in the grave three days – or portions thereof – from “Good Friday” until
“Easter Sunday,” at sunrise. Scholars
and students of the Scriptures point out that “three days” does not necessarily
mean exactly three days. It can
mean portions of three days. The
expression is an idiomatic one. We have
the same principle in English. If I say
I am going fishing in “three days,” and today is Wednesday, then “three days”
from today could be understood as either Friday (inclusive counting –
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday), or Saturday (Thursday, Friday, Saturday),
depending on whether you began the counting of the days with today (inclusive
counting) or tomorrow (exclusive counting).
On the other hand, some scholars
maintain that three days and three nights would constitute 72 hours,
since there are 24 hours in a whole day.
They claim that since both days and nights are mentioned, the idiom of
“three days” including partial days does not apply in this case. Jesus Himself said elsewhere, "Are there
not twelve hours in the day? If any man
walk in the day, he stumbleth not, because he seeth the light of this
world" (John 11:9). Since the
Messiah Himself defines a day as equaling twelve hours, then the night would
also equal twelve hours, and the two added together would be 24 hours. That is simple arithmetic. Three days and three nights, then, would be 3
x 12 = 36 hours of day, and 3 x 12 = 36 hours of night, and 36 + 36 = 72
hours. As Sherlock Holmes would say,
"Elementary, my dear Watson!"
However, there is no way in heaven
or earth you can squeeze 72 hours between sunset Friday and sunrise Sunday
morning! In the gospel of Mark we read,
“Now it was the third hour [
Luke’s gospel tells us that Joseph
of Armathea went to Pilate, asked for the body of Jesus, and then took it and
“wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a tomb that was hewn out of the rock,
where no one had ever lain before. That
day was the Preparation and the Sabbath drew near” (Luke
If Jesus Christ were buried just
before sunset on Friday, and arose at sunrise on Sunday, and if these two
events coincided with approximately 6:00 PM and 6:00 AM, to keep it simple,
then the total length of time Christ would have been buried in the tomb would
have been Friday night (12 hours), Saturday day (12 hours), and Saturday night
(12 hours) -- or a total of 36 hours -- just one half of three full days and
nights! Or, to put it another way –
if we count a portion of Friday (day), Friday night, Saturday (day), and
Saturday night, and Jesus then arose – we have counted for only two days and
two nights! NOT three days and three
nights!
Some
might argue that Jesus arose at the rising of the sun, so we must include
Sunday in our count, even if it is only a few minutes. Well, that would still only include parts
of three days and still only TWO nights!
Yet the gospel of Matthew PLAINLY declares He would be in the “heart
of the earth” – that is, the tomb – three days AND three nights! But to suggest that we should include Sunday
morning itself also fails to fit the facts, because we read in John’s
gospel: “Now on the first day of the
week Mary Magdalene went to the tomb early, while it was still DARK, and
saw that the stone had been taken away from the tomb” (John 20:1). Since it was still dark, and Jesus had
already arisen, then this occurred BEFORE
And, Jesus Himself declared, “The
Scripture CANNOT be broken” (John
Some will protest, saying that the
day of the crucifixion was called the “Preparation day,” meaning the
preparation of the weekly Sabbath, and therefore the crucifixion had to occur
on a Friday. Indeed, the day of the
crucifixion was a “Preparation day” – the apostle John says of the day Jesus was crucified, “Therefore,
because it was the Preparation Day, that the bodies should not remain on the cross on the Sabbath (for that Sabbath
was a high day), the Jews asked Pilate that their legs might be broken, and
that they might be taken away” (John 19:31).
The Sabbath in question here was the annual Sabbath of the Passover –
a “high day” – not the weekly Sabbath day!
Clearly, all the Biblical evidence
disproves the Friday crucifixion theory!
But does this necessarily mean that the proposed alternate theory – that
of a Wednesday crucifixion – is automatically correct? Or could this theory also be proven to be in
error?
The
Wednesday Crucifixion Theory
Sometimes
people think they are in an “either-or” situation, that “either this” must be
true, “or that” must be the case – when neither theory will fit all the facts!
What are the basic underlying
problems with the Wednesday crucifixion theory?
Problem #1 – Many have attempted to
“prove” the crucifixion occurred on a Wednesday, “in the midst of the week,” by
pointing to a prophecy found in Daniel 9:27, where we read: “Then he shall confirm a covenant with many
for one week, but in the middle of the week he shall bring an end to
sacrifice and offering.” It is claimed
by some Christian apologists that this refers to Christ, and proves He died in
the “MIDDLE of the week” – that is, Wednesday.
However, this is a prime case of
reading into a text one’s own preconceived opinions. If we simply allow the text to speak for
itself, in context, we discover it is talking about a “prince” or world leader
who is prophesied to come and to destroy God’s temple – “the city and the
sanctuary” (Dan.9:26). This occurred in
70 A.D., when the Romans fought the Jews, conquered them, and destroyed the
Problem #2 – I have always been
struck by the strange account given in the gospel of Luke regarding the two
disciples who were traveling to Emmaus that Sunday, the first day of the week,
following the resurrection, where Jesus joined up with them, incognito, His
identity hidden, as He conversed with them.
Notice the account:
“Now behold, two
of them were traveling that same day to a village called
Emmaus,
which was seven miles from
of
all these things which had happened. So
it was, while they conversed and
reasoned,
that Jesus Himself drew near and went with them. But their eyes
were
restrained, so that they did not know Him.
And He said to them, ‘What
kind
of conversation is this that you have with one another as you walk and
are
sad?’ Then the one who was Cleopas
answered and said to Him, ‘Are
You
the only stranger in
Happened
there in these days?’ And He said to
them, ‘What things?’ So they
said
to Him, ‘The things concerning Jesus of Nazareth, who was a Prophet
mighty
in deed and word before God and all the people, and how our chief
priests
and rulers delivered Him to be condemned to death, and crucified
Him. But we were hoping that it was He who was
going to redeem Israel.
Indeed,
besides all this, today is the THIRD DAY since all these things
happened”
(Luke
24:13-21).
Notice! It was
Sunday, and these two disciples said it was “THE THIRD DAY since all these
things happened”! Now if we count from
Wednesday, when Jesus was crucified on the stake, we have – Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday – FOUR DAYS it would have been “since these things were
done”! The Englishman’s Greek
Interlinear has this verse, “But then with all these things THIRD THIS DAY
brings today, SINCE these things came to pass.” The Interlinear Bible has
it: “But with all these things THIRD this
day comes today SINCE these things occurred!”
Obviously, something is amiss, here!
Sunday is NOT “three days” from Wednesday!
This has always been a perplexing
Scripture to advocates of a Wednesday crucifixion. To get around this seemingly obvious
contradiction, some have previously claimed that the “things” which had
happened included the posting of a guard at the tomb by the Pharisees, which
was done a day or two AFTER the crucifixion.
We read, “On the next day, which followed the Day of Preparation, the
chief priests and Pharisees gathered together to Pilate” (Matthew 27:62). The account continues showing that Pilate
gave them permission to post a guard at the tomb to prevent Jesus’ disciples
from stealing His body and claiming He arose from the dead.
This rationale provided a flimsy
excuse for explaining why the disciples referred to Sunday as “the third day”
since “these things” happened! If we
include this posting of a guard, on Thursday (the day after the “Preparation,”)
then counting exclusively, Sunday does become the “third day” since these
things occurred.
But in all reality – is this what
the two disciples were discussing that day?
If we just go by the evidence of what they themselves said, then they
were discussing the CRUCIFIXION ITSELF – that is what energized their
conversation – not the posting of the guard by the Pharisees. They were talking about the crucifixion, and
the fact that early that very morning certain woman and others went to the tomb
and found it empty and saw a vision of angels who said Jesus was alive! (Luke
24:22-24). In the course of such events,
who would have given a moment’s thought to the stationing of a guard by the
Pharisees at the tomb! It was wholly
irrelevant!
Problem #3 – For years I have been
mystified by the question implied by the Wednesday crucifixion-Saturday evening
resurrection theory. If Jesus Christ
arose Saturday evening, just before sunset, on the weekly Sabbath – then what
was He doing for the next 12 hours or so before the stone was rolled away from
the tomb early Sunday morning? It
could be called, “The Case of the Missing Twelve Hours.” Surely no Sherlock Holmes mystery could be
more fascinating or inscrutable! What did
Jesus do for those 12 hours? Nobody
has ever come up with a good answer.
But of course, if He arose shortly
before sunrise, or daybreak, early Sunday morning, just before the women came
to the tomb, then it all makes perfect sense.
There is no “missing gap” of 12 hours to dispose of! Everything happened in proper order, in
perfect time sequence!
A
NEW SOLUTION
Clearly, there are serious problems with both the Friday
crucifixion theory, as well as the Wednesday crucifixion theory. The Friday theory does not provide enough
time for Christ to be dead and in the grave three days and three nights.
The Wednesday theory, on the other
hand, has no proof to back it up, and seems to contradict the timetable implied
by Sunday having been “the third day” since the crucifixion, and results in a
mysterious and unexplainable “twelve hours” between the supposed resurrection
Saturday night, and the rolling away of the stone Sunday morning, and the
appearance of the women before the tomb.
So
-- what is the answer to the enigma?
What is the solution to the puzzle, which has mystified and perplexed
Bible scholars and students as well, for centuries?
If
Jesus was in the grave only 36 hours, only two days and two nights, as the
Friday crucifixion theory proposes, then He failed to fulfill the ONLY SIGN
which He said would be given to that generation, proving that He was the Christ
-- the Messiah -- the Saviour of the world!
That “sign” was that He would be in the grave THREE days and THREE
nights!
A New Look at “Three Days and Three
Nights”
Let’s take a closer look at the expression “three days and
three nights.” Many have pointed out
that this is an idiom and can mean parts of three days and nights. In other words, idiomatically speaking, all
we really need to fulfill this expression is a sequential, consecutive period
of time including at least parts of three days and three nights.
Notice the Jamieson, Fausset and
Brown, Critical Experimental Commentary:
“For as Jonas
was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly (Jon.1:17), so
shall
the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. This
was
the second public pronouncement of His resurrection three days after His death.
. .
Jonah’s
case was analogous to this, as being a signal judgment of God; reversed in
three
days; and followed by a glorious mission
to the Gentiles. The expression ‘in
the
heart of the earth’ suggested by the expression of Jonah with respect to the
sea (2:3
in LXX), means simply the grave, but this considered as the most emphatic expression
of real and total entombment. The period
during which He was to lie in the
grave is here expressed in round numbers, according to the Jewish way of
speaking,
which was to regard ANY PART OF A DAY, HOWEVER SMALL,
INCLUDED
WITHIN A PERIOD OF DAYS, AS A FULL DAY. (See I Sam. 30:12, 13; Esth.4:16; v.1;
Matt.27:63, 64, etc.)” (vol.3, page 75).
Notice how this fits in with the book of Esther, in the Old
Testament. Esther sent a message to
Mordecai saying, “Go, gather all the Jews who are present in Shushan, and fast
for me; neither eat nor drink for THREE DAYS, NIGHT OR DAY. My maids and I will fast likewise. And I will go to the king . . .” (Esther
4:16). “Now it happened on the THIRD
DAY that Esther put on her royal robes and stood in the inner court . . .”
(Esther 5:1).
It seems clear that the expression
three days and three nights can include partial days or nights. In this case, during the “third day” of the
fast, Esther appeared before the king.
The fast probably began in the evening, and so included three evenings,
two days, and a part of the third day, when she appeared before the king.
In another case, we read of a case
where a young man was found in a field and brought to king David. He was famished and very weak. The account says that “he had eaten no bread
nor drunk water for three days and three nights” (I Sam.30:11-12). When David questioned him, he told him, “I am
a young man from Egypt, servant of an Amalekite; and my master left me behind,
because three days ago I fell sick” (v.13).
Three days could mean portions of
three days, and the same reasoning applies to “three nights.” I see no reason why we must conclude that
precisely “three days and three nights,” or an entire 72 hours, is required in
this passage.
In other words, Hebrew is much like
English in this regard. Three days is a
general term and can mean parts of three consecutive days. Even so, three nights can mean parts of three
consecutive nights – as “three nights from now.” If a person wants to say a precise length of
time, they would say “exactly” three days or nights – or, “precisely.”
Even so, the expression “three days
and three nights” can mean parts of three days and parts of three nights, so
long as they are in succession.
However, E. W. Bullinger in The Companion Bible asserts:
“The fact that ‘three days’ is used by
Hebrew idiom for any part of three days
and
three nights is not disputed; because it was the common way of reckoning,
just
as it was when used of years. Three or
any number of years was used
inclusively
of any part of those years, as may be seen in the reckoning of the
reigns
of any of the kings of Israel and Judah.
“But
when the number of ‘nights’ is stated as well as the number of ‘days,’ then
the
expression ceases to be an idiom, and becomes a literal statement of fact.”
But is this necessarily
true? Bullinger is entitled to his
opinion, but he certainly has not “proved” his case. Merely making a strong assertion proves
nothing. As they say in modern speech,
“The proof is in the pudding.” Where’s
the proof? He presents none. But he admits that the expression “three days”
is a Hebrew idiom which can stand for “any part of three days.” Simply because both three days and three
nights are mentioned does not automatically change the expression into an
ironclad term meaning “EXACTLY” three days and three nights! In this case, Bullinger oversteps common
sense and draws a sweeping conclusion based on his own speculation. Of course, the opposite is true, too –
although we are not forced to expand three days and three nights to exactly 72
hours, or three 24-hour days, on the other hand, there is no way we can squeeze
three days and nights into the timeframe from Friday, just before sunset, to
Sunday, just before sunrise, or even through sunrise!
Bullinger
continues:
“Moreover, as the Hebrew day began at
sunset the day was reckoned from one
sunset
to another, the ‘twelve hours in the day’ (John 11:9) being reckoned from
sunrise,
and the twelve hours of night from sunset.
An evening-morning was thus
used
for a whole day of twenty-four hours, as in the first chapter of Genesis. Hence
the
expression ‘a night and a day’ in II Corinthians 11:25 denotes a complete day.”
Of course a full “day” – as
Yeshua declared – equals 12 hours. That
is not in dispute. But what about II
Corinthians 11:25? Does that necessarily
mean a “complete day” of 24 hours? Let’s notice this verse. Paul writes, “Three times I was beaten with
rods; once I was stoned; three times I was shipwrecked; a night and a day
I have been in the deep.” Are we
supposed to believe in this instance Paul meant to say precisely 24 hours he
was in the water? Of course not! When he says “a night and a day,” he was most
likely meaning a night or a part thereof, and the following day or a part
thereof. There is no reason to assume he
meant exactly 24 hours, not one minute less, when he says this. He just means approximately a night and a
day, without being precise. Again, if he
wanted to be precise, he could have said “exactly,” or “to the very hour,” or
added some similar qualifying expression.
If I said,
“I’m going to Aunt Martha’s house, and it’ll take me a night and a day to get
there,” would I mean precisely that? Or
isn’t that just a manner of speech, meaning “about” a night and a day?
Bullinger
concludes:
‘When
Esther says (Est.4:16) ‘fast ye for me, and neither eat nor drink three days,’
she
defines her meaning as being three complete days, because she adds (being a
Jewess)
‘night or day.’ And when it is written
that the fast ended on ‘the third day’
(5:1),
‘the third day’ must have succeeded and included the third night. . . .” (The
Companion
Bible, appendix 144, page 170).
As we have seen already, Esther’s
comments provide more support for the term “three days, night or day,” as
meaning about three days and nights – again, this is not intended to be a
minute, microscopic, precise measurement – but a general statement. These terms are not “slide rule”
religion. The expression “three days
and three nights” was never intended to imply that we must interpret it to mean
precisely 72 hours, without any deviation there from!
But Jesus said He would be in the grave three days and
three nights, as the prophet Jonah was in the belly of the great
fish. What about the usage in this case?
In the book of Jonah we read: “Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to
swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the
belly of the fish three days and three nights” (Jonah 1:17). Bullinger says of this example:
“Hence when it says that ‘Jonah was in the
belly of the fish three days and three nights’ (Jonah 1:17) it means
exactly what it says, and this can be the only meaning of the
expression in Matthew 12:40; 16:4; Luke 11:30 . . .”
When Jesus said “three days and
three nights,” He meant what He said.
But He did not say precisely 72 hours!
Although E. W. Bullinger apparently
believes this is what He meant, the term Yeshua used does not necessarily mean
precisely 72 hours – rather, His words could also be fulfilled so long as
portions of three days AND three nights are fulfilled!
Thus
when Jesus Christ said He would be in the grave for three days and three
nights, He meant exactly what He said.
But what He said isn’t necessarily what some people think! So many of us have had this idea that
three days and three nights has to mean 72 hours, that it is as if we have been
“brainwashed”! It has been “drilled”
into us, so that we have a hard time shaking ourselves of this idea. As one man declared, “It is ten times harder
to unlearn an error than to simply prove the truth!”
Of course, this truth flies right in
the face of the commonly believed Good Friday-Easter Sunday tradition of the
churches of this world! The Catholic
Church and the Protestant churches all claim that Jesus was crucified Friday
evening and resurrected early Sunday morning.
There is NO WAY that this could be true! There is no way that you can count three
days and three nights between Friday sunset and Sunday daybreak! Even if you include part of Friday afternoon,
and part of Sunday morning, you would still come up short! Notice:
Friday
afternoon (day)
Friday
night (night)
Saturday
daylight (day)
Saturday
night (night)
Sunday
morning (day)
But consider this fact:
If Jesus failed to fulfill the ONLY SIGN He gave, then 1) He
was a liar, and as such He surely could not be the Christ, the Son of
the living God, and 2) as a “liar,” He could not have been “Immanuel,” or “God
in the flesh” and our Saviour because “God cannot lie” (Titus 1:2).
Yet Jesus said, “The Scripture
cannot be broken” (John 10:35). He also
declared, “Thy word is TRUTH” (John 17:17).
The words Jesus spoke in the gospel account of Matthew are Scripture --
and therefore must be true. We
must put more confidence in Scripture than in the “traditions of men,” such as
the “Good Friday-Easter Sunday” tradition!
As the apostle Paul wrote, “ALL SCRIPTURE is given by inspiration of God
[is “God-breathed”], and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for
correction, for instruction in righteousness:
that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good
works” (II Tim.3:16-17).
Which will we believe -- God's
word? or the traditions of men? Be careful which you select, for Jesus Christ
also warned those who profess to follow Him, “Howbeit in VAIN do they WORSHIP
ME, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. For laying aside the commandments
of God, ye hold the tradition of men . . . And he said unto them, Full
well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own
tradition” (Mark 7:7-9). Jesus
warned of the danger of “making the word of God of none effect through your
tradition” (verse 13). As the New
International Version puts this passage, “You have a fine way of setting aside
the commands of God in order to observe your own traditions!”
Thus far we have seen TWO
“traditions of men” – one is the widely believed “Good-Friday-Easter Sunday
tradition. It does not add up. We have also seen the Wednesday crucifixion
theory -- with a late Sabbath afternoon
resurrection. Does it all up any better
than the other theory? As we have seen,
it, too, has loopholes – weaknesses. So
what is the truth?
A little patience is required, but
we CAN understand the truth, and get to the real FACTS, if we keep an open
mind, and if we are willing to learn NEW truth, and examine ALL the available
evidence!
Why “Three Days”?
What, then, is the real meaning of
“three days and three nights”? How long
was Jesus Christ in the grave? Bullinger
tells us:
“In the first mention of His sufferings
(Matt.16:21) the Lord mentions the fact that
He
would be ‘raised again the third day.’
In John 2:19 He had already mentioned
‘three
days’ as the time after which He would raise up ‘the Temple of His body.’
“The
expression occurs eleven times with reference to His resurrection (Matt.16:21;
17:23;20:19. Mark 9:31; 10:34. Luke 9:22; 18:33; 24:7, 46. Acts 10:40.
I Cor.
15:4).
“We
have the expression ‘AFTER three days’ in Mark 8:31, used of the same event.
“This
shows that the expression ‘three days and three nights’ of Matt.12:40 must
include
‘three days’ and the three preceding ‘nights.’ While it is true that a ‘third
day’
may be a part of three days, including two nights; yet ‘after three days’ and
‘three
nights and three days’ cannot possibly be so reckoned” (The Companion Bible,
appendix 156, page 172).
Bullinger is stressing that fact that the Friday
crucifixion-Easter Sunday resurrection cannot be computed to result in 3 days
and 3 nights. That is his main
point. And I agree completely. But why did Jesus use this particular time
frame as the sign of His being the Messiah -- the true Saviour? Why “three days” instead of a mere two days,
or four or five days?
The number three in the Scriptures
denotes finality -- decision. Peter
denied Christ three times; Paul prayed three times that his thorn in the flesh
might be removed; Jesus asked Peter three times if he loved Him. “Three” means finality.
But there is more. We notice that if a man contracted any type
of defilement in the Old Testament times, through touching a dead body, he was
to purify himself on the “third day” (Numbers 19:11-12). Also, the flesh of the peace offering was not
to be kept past the third day, but was then to be burnt (Lev.7:17-18) as unfit
for food.
According to a tradition of the Jews
in the Talmud, quoted by John Lightfoot (1602-1675), the mourning for the dead
culminated on the third day, because the spirit was not supposed to be fully
departed until then.
But even more important, Bullinger
tells us:
“The Jews did not accept evidence as to
the identification of a dead body after three
days.
“This
period seems, therefore, to have been chosen by the Lord . . . to associate the
fact
of resurrection with the certainty of death, so as to preclude all doubt
that death
had
actually taken place, and shut out all suggestion that it might have been a
trance,
or
a mere case of resuscitation. The fact that Lazarus has been dead ‘four
days already’
was
urged by Martha as a proof that Lazarus was dead, for ‘by this time he
stinketh’
(John
11:17, 39).
“We
have to remember that corruption takes place very quickly in the East, so that
‘the
third
day’ was the proverbial evidence as to the certainty that death had taken
place,
leaving
no hope” (The Companion Bible, appendix 148, page 172).
Now, if Christ had only been in the grave little more than
two nights and one day (Friday night, Saturday day and night), then that would
not have been sufficient time to insure that He had really died! It then could have been claimed that He had
merely appeared to be dead; that He had merely been in a “trance”-like
condition; and therefore, the truth of
His resurrection could have been legally DENIED AS HAVING BEEN PROVED!
Therefore,
it was NECESSARY that He be in the grave for at least THREE days!
The
Burial and Resurrection of Christ
Now let us go on with the
story. Luke describes the events
surrounding Jesus’ burial, in the end of Nisan 14, in the evening, just before
sunset, in this manner:
“And, behold, there was a man named
Joseph, a counsellor; and he was a good man,
and
a just; (The same had not consented to the counsel and deed of them;) he was of
Arimathaea,
a city of the Jews: who also himself
waited for the kingdom of God. This
man
went unto Pilate, and begged the body of Jesus.
And he took it down, and wrapped
it
in linen, and laid it in a sepulchre that was hewn in a stone, wherein never
man before
was
laid. And that day was the
preparation, and the sabbath drew on” (Luke 23:50-54).
The “Sabbath” that drew on, th